Guillermo Billinghurst Angulo was one of the most controversial figures in early 20th-century Peruvian politics. Born on July 27, 1851, in Arica (which was part of Peru before being annexed by Chile), Billinghurst served as president of Peru from 1912 to 1914. His presidency was short but marked by an ambitious attempt at social reforms, making him popular among the working classes while inciting hostility from conservative elites and the military.
Before entering politics, Billinghurst made a career as a businessman. His personal wealth, accumulated through commerce and urban infrastructure development in Lima, allowed him to play an influential role in the country's political and economic circles. He began his political career as a city councilor in Lima and was later elected mayor of the capital in 1909. His tenure as mayor was marked by several initiatives to improve public infrastructure, earning him growing popularity among the working classes.
In 1912, Billinghurst was elected president of Peru, supported by a broad coalition of labor groups and the middle class. He promised to implement reforms for workers, including raising wages and reducing working hours. However, his populist approach and reform initiatives quickly drew opposition from conservative elites, landowners, and the military, who saw his policies as a threat to their economic and political interests.
One of Billinghurst's key proposals was the idea of convening a people's congress to redefine the country’s social and economic policies. This radical proposal heightened mistrust among the elites, and his attempt to exert more direct control over Congress exacerbated political tensions. Facing growing opposition, Billinghurst encountered increasing political unrest, marked by strikes and demonstrations supported by his followers, as well as military maneuvers against his government.
In February 1914, a military coup led by Colonel Óscar R. Benavides overthrew Billinghurst. After being ousted, he was exiled to Chile, where he spent the remainder of his life. He died in Iquique on June 28, 1915. Though his government was short-lived and ended violently, Billinghurst remains an important figure in Peruvian history for his efforts to advocate for workers' rights and promote social reforms in favor of the underprivileged.
His presidency sparked a national debate on social and economic reforms, leaving a lasting legacy in Peruvian politics. To some, he is seen as a pioneer of social justice; to others, he is criticized for governing too radically and authoritatively.